SQL Examples

Last modified on: December 6, 2024

<h3><strong>SQL Examples</strong></h3>
<p>Here are practical SQL examples to demonstrate how various commands and concepts work:</p>
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<h3><strong>1. SELECT Statement</strong></h3>
<p>Retrieve all rows from a table:</p>
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<pre class="language-php"><code>SELECT * FROM Employees;
</code></pre>
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<p>Retrieve specific columns:</p>
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<pre class="language-php"><code>SELECT FirstName, LastName FROM Employees;
</code></pre>
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<h3><strong>2. SELECT DISTINCT</strong></h3>
<p>Retrieve unique job titles from the table:</p>
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<pre class="language-php"><code>SELECT DISTINCT JobTitle FROM Employees;
</code></pre>
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<h3><strong>3. WHERE Clause</strong></h3>
<p>Filter employees by department:</p>
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<pre class="language-php"><code>SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE Department = 'Sales';
</code></pre>
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<p>Find employees hired after 2020:</p>
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<pre class="language-php"><code>SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE HireDate &gt; '2020-01-01';
</code></pre>
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<h3><strong>4. ORDER BY</strong></h3>
<p>Sort employees by last name in ascending order:</p>
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<pre class="language-php"><code>SELECT * FROM Employees ORDER BY LastName ASC;
</code></pre>
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<p>Sort by salary in descending order:</p>
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<pre class="language-php"><code>SELECT * FROM Employees ORDER BY Salary DESC;
</code></pre>
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<h3><strong>5. INSERT INTO</strong></h3>
<p>Add a new employee to the table:</p>
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<pre class="language-php"><code>INSERT INTO Employees (FirstName, LastName, Department, Salary) 
VALUES ('John', 'Doe', 'IT', 60000);
</code></pre>
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<h3><strong>6. UPDATE</strong></h3>
<p>Update the salary of an employee:</p>
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<pre class="language-php"><code>UPDATE Employees 
SET Salary = 70000 
WHERE EmployeeID = 1;
</code></pre>
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<h3><strong>7. DELETE</strong></h3>
<p>Remove an employee from the table:</p>
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<pre class="language-php"><code>DELETE FROM Employees 
WHERE EmployeeID = 5;
</code></pre>
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<h3><strong>8. JOIN</strong></h3>
<p>Inner join to find employees with matching department details:</p>
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<pre class="language-php"><code>SELECT Employees.FirstName, Departments.DepartmentName 
FROM Employees
INNER JOIN Departments ON Employees.DepartmentID = Departments.DepartmentID;
</code></pre>
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<h3><strong>9. GROUP BY and HAVING</strong></h3>
<p>Count employees in each department:</p>
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<pre class="language-php"><code>SELECT Department, COUNT(*) AS EmployeeCount 
FROM Employees 
GROUP BY Department;
</code></pre>
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<p>Filter groups with more than 5 employees:</p>
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<pre class="language-php"><code>SELECT Department, COUNT(*) AS EmployeeCount 
FROM Employees 
GROUP BY Department
HAVING COUNT(*) &gt; 5;
</code></pre>
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<h3><strong>10. AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS</strong></h3>
<p>Find the average salary in the IT department:</p>
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<pre class="language-php"><code>SELECT AVG(Salary) AS AvgSalary 
FROM Employees 
WHERE Department = 'IT';
</code></pre>
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<p>Get the total salary expense for all employees:</p>
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<pre class="language-php"><code>SELECT SUM(Salary) AS TotalSalary 
FROM Employees;
</code></pre>
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<h3><strong>11. LIKE and Wildcards</strong></h3>
<p>Find employees with first names starting with "J":</p>
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<pre class="language-php"><code>SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE FirstName LIKE 'J%';
</code></pre>
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<p>Find employees whose names contain "ohn":</p>
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<pre class="language-php"><code>SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE FirstName LIKE '%ohn%';
</code></pre>
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<h3><strong>12. IN Clause</strong></h3>
<p>Filter employees working in specific departments:</p>
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<pre class="language-php"><code>SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE Department IN ('HR', 'IT', 'Sales');
</code></pre>
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<h3><strong>13. BETWEEN</strong></h3>
<p>Find employees with salaries between $50,000 and $70,000:</p>
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<pre class="language-php"><code>SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE Salary BETWEEN 50000 AND 70000;
</code></pre>
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<h3><strong>14. CASE</strong></h3>
<p>Display salary grades based on salary amounts:</p>
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<pre class="language-php"><code>SELECT FirstName, LastName, 
CASE 
    WHEN Salary &gt; 80000 THEN 'High'
    WHEN Salary BETWEEN 50000 AND 80000 THEN 'Medium'
    ELSE 'Low'
END AS SalaryGrade
FROM Employees;
</code></pre>
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<h3><strong>15. CREATE TABLE</strong></h3>
<p>Create a new table for departments:</p>
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<pre class="language-php"><code>CREATE TABLE Departments (
    DepartmentID INT PRIMARY KEY,
    DepartmentName VARCHAR(100),
    ManagerID INT
);
</code></pre>
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<h3><strong>16. ALTER TABLE</strong></h3>
<p>Add a new column to store phone numbers:</p>
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<pre class="language-php"><code>ALTER TABLE Employees ADD PhoneNumber VARCHAR(15);
</code></pre>
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<p>Drop a column:</p>
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<pre class="language-php"><code>ALTER TABLE Employees DROP COLUMN PhoneNumber;
</code></pre>
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<h3><strong>17. JOIN Multiple Tables</strong></h3>
<p>Combine employee and department data along with projects:</p>
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<pre class="language-php"><code>SELECT Employees.FirstName, Departments.DepartmentName, Projects.ProjectName
FROM Employees
INNER JOIN Departments ON Employees.DepartmentID = Departments.DepartmentID
INNER JOIN Projects ON Employees.EmployeeID = Projects.EmployeeID;
</code></pre>
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<h3><strong>18. STORED PROCEDURE</strong></h3>
<p>Create a procedure to retrieve employee details by department:</p>
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<pre class="language-php"><code>CREATE PROCEDURE GetEmployeesByDepartment(@DepartmentName VARCHAR(50))
AS
BEGIN
    SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE Department = @DepartmentName;
END;
</code></pre>
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<p>Execute the procedure:</p>
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<pre class="language-php"><code>EXEC GetEmployeesByDepartment 'Sales';
</code></pre>
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<h3><strong>19. TRANSACTIONS</strong></h3>
<p>Perform operations with rollback capability:</p>
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<pre class="language-php"><code>START TRANSACTION;

UPDATE Employees SET Salary = 70000 WHERE EmployeeID = 1;

ROLLBACK; -- Reverts the above update
COMMIT;   -- Saves changes
</code></pre>
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<p>These examples cover a variety of scenarios to help you master SQL queries and their practical applications.</p>

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